Republic of Bashkortostan

History

Bashkortostan is a country in the Southern Urals and adjacent areas that takes its name from the indigenous people, the Bashkir (Bashkort). Bashkiria, the Russian (Slavic) name for the country, was firmly established at the end of the 16th century. Initially, the forms Bashkir, Bashkirda, and Bashkirian Horde were used. The first written records of individual tribes of the Bashkir people are found in the works of Herodotus (5th century B.C.). Ptolomey’s map (2nd century A.D.) showed the River Daiks (now the Ural River). The writings of Sallam Tarjeman (9th century) and Akhmed ibn-Fadlan (10th century) contain valuable information. Al-Balkhi (10th century) wrote that the Bashkirs were divided into two groups, one of which lived in the Southern Urals, and the other near the Danube close to the borders of Byzantium. His contemporary, ibn-Ruste, noted that the Bashkirs were “an independent people occupying the territories on both sides of the Ural Mountains between the Volga, Kama, Tobol, and upper Yaik rivers. The 12th-century geographer Idrisi referred to Inner Bashkir, Outer Bashkir, and the Bashkirian cities of Nemzhan, Gurkhan, Karakiya, Kasra, and Masra.

From the second half of the 16th century to the beginning of the 19th century the Bashkirs inhabited a territory from the left bank of the Volga in the southwest to the upper reaches of the Tobol in the east, and from the Sylva River in the north, including the entire left bank of the Volga, to the middle Yaik in the south. They lived in the Central and Southern Urals and areas adjoining the Urals, including the Volga River valley and the Transural region.

Until the mid-19th century, the territory of the ancient Bashkir tribes was the basis of Bashkiria’s administrative and territorial structure. In the time of the Golden Horde, the territory of Bashkortostan was divided into ulusy (regions) whose size was determined by the number of farmsteads or soldiers. After the breakup of the Golden Horde in the 14th century, Bashkortostan was divided among the Kazan and Siberian khanates and the Nogai Horde. The people were under the jurisdiction of the governors-general of Kazan, Osinsk, Siberia, and Nogai.

In the mid-16th century, the Bashkirs took out Russian citizenship on the basis of an agreement with the Russian government. After Bashkiria joined the Russian state in the second half of the 16th century, its territory was added to Kazan District. And then in 1586, it was separated into Ufa District, which was divided into governorships (darugi) and small rural districts (volosti). The volost division applied only to the Bashkirs. In 1700, Ufa, Menzelinsk, Birsk, Zainsk, and Tabynsk were freed from the district administration and became independent administrative centres subordinate to the district administration. In 1708, the city governments were abolished, and Bashkiria became part of the provinces of Kazan and Siberia. Then in 1744, it was made part of Orenburg Province, which first consisted of subprovinces (Ufa, Isetsk, and Orenburg), and from 1781 on, of districts (Orenburg, Ufa, Sterlitamak, Birsk, Menzelinsk, Verkhny Ural, Troitsk, Chelyabinsk, and Bugulminsk). At the same time, the previous division into rural districts and councils of officials was retained. In 1781, the Orenburg Province was reorganized into the Ufa Governorship consisting of the Ufa and Orenburg regions. Ufa Region was further subdivided into eight districts and Orenburg Region, into four. In 1796, Ufa Governorship was transformed into Orenburg Province, which initially consisted of 10 districts and then 12 as of 1804. The border districts of Bashkiria became part of the Perm, Vyatsk, and Samara (in 1851) provinces. The introduction of the canton system of administration was the next step toward the unification of Bashkiria’s administrative and territorial structure. The borders of the cantons were approximately those of the districts. On Bashkir’s transition from military to civil administration and the formation of Ufa and Orenburg provinces from the Orenburg Governorship, Bashkiria was confirmed in 1865 as an all-Russian administrative and territorial division whose main units were the province, district, city, rural district, and village.

On November 15, 1917, the Bashkir regional soviet (council) elected by the 1st All-Bashkirian Congress in July 1917, declared the Bashkirian territories of Orenburg, Ufa, Perm, and Samara provinces an autonomous part of the Russian Republic. On May 19, 1920, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Council of People’s Commissars of the RSFSR passed the decree “On the State Structure of the Autonomous Soviet Bashkir Republic.” In 1922, Ufa, Birsk, and Belebei districts of the Ufa Region and mainly Bashkir rural districts of Zlatoustovsky District of the abolished Ufa Province became part of the Autonomous Soviet Bashkir Republic (Great Bashkiria (Bolshaya Bashkiria)). On October 11, 1990, the Supreme Soviet of the republic proclaimed the Declaration of State Sovereignty confirming the status of the republic as a democratic constitutional state; and in February 1992, the republic was named the Republic of Bashkortostan. On March 31, 1992, a Federative Agreement on the division of powers and areas of jurisdiction between government bodies of the Russian Federation and the sovereign republics within it and an Addendum to it from the Republic of Bashkortostan was signed, establishing the contractual nature of relations between the Republic of Bashkortostan and the Russian Federation. On August 3, 1994, the Russian Federation and the Republic of Bashkortostan signed an Agreement entitled “On the Division of Areas of Jurisdiction and Mutual Delegation of Authority between Government Bodies of the Russian Federation and Government Bodies of the Republic of Bashkortostan.”
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